Mary (Mother of Jesus)

Mary, a humble Jewish woman from Nazareth, was divinely chosen to bear Jesus through the Holy Spirit, embodying faith and obedience within the cultural and religious context of first-century Judaism.

People, Places, and Things

Mary (Mother of Jesus)

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People, Places, and Things

Caesar Augustus

In Luke’s Gospel, Caesar Augustus, Rome’s first emperor and bringer of the Pax Romana, is mentioned in connection with the census that brings Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem, highlighting how the emperor’s decree unknowingly fulfills God’s plan and contrasting Augustus’s claim to peace with the true peace brought by Jesus.

The Sacrifice of Incense

The sacrifice of incense was a daily temple ritual where priests burned a holy blend of spices on the altar of incense, symbolizing the prayers of the people rising to God.

Herod the Great

Herod the Great was the Roman-appointed king of Judea known for his grand building projects and ruthless rule, including the infamous massacre of infants in Bethlehem.

Herodias

Herodias—granddaughter of Herod the Great, mother of Salome, and later wife of Herod Antipas—used dynastic marriage to pursue rank in the early 1st century AD, provoked John the Baptist’s condemnation and death, and ultimately followed Antipas into exile in AD 39.

Herod Philip

Herod Philip the Tetrarch (4 BC–AD 34), son of Herod the Great, ruled peacefully over Ituraea and Trachonitis, is mentioned in the Gospel of Luke for historical context, and must be distinguished from his half-brother Philip I, the first husband of Herodias and father of Salome.

Quirinius (Governor of Syria)

uirinius was the Roman governor of Syria known for conducting a census around AD 6, which plays a significant historical and theological role in Luke’s account of Jesus’ birth, illustrating God’s sovereignty working through Roman political events despite controversies over the timing and historical details.